Masonry Magazine December 1980 Page. 17

Masonry Magazine January 1980 Page.17

Masonry Magazine January 1980 Page.17
The effects of building type and use on the thermal load

The effects of building type and use on the thermal load are determined by the interior design temperature and the allowable temperature fluctuation. A warehouse may not require the same interior design temperature as a residential structure. Many commercial buildings are only occupied during daylight hours and do not have to maintain the higher interior working hour temperatures overnight. In many applications, the passive solar heating systems may provide similar performance as conventional heating systems with nighttime setbacks.

Another aspect which affects the requirements of the building's use is human comfort. Passive solar systems provide beneficial conditions for human comfort. The brick storage areas of the system are warm. When surrounded by warm surfaces, the human body receives radiation from the warm surfaces. This permits the occupants to feel comfortable at lower interior air temperatures because heat is radiated to the body rather than from the body.


Glazing and Lighting Quality

The amount of natural lighting required will affect the determination of the type of the passive solar heating system. Fabrics often suffer from ultraviolet degradation when exposed to direct sunlight. In applications such as studios, large quantities of diffuse solar radiation provide appropriate lighting.

The amount of glazing is often determined by the need or desire to provide visual communication with the exterior. This is usually not a primary concern when designing passive solar heating systems. When the winter sun is shining through the glazing, vision to the exterior may be impaired by glare. During the summer, appropriate shading will prevent the glare.


Material Properties and Surface Colors

Massive brick masonry is recommended for thermal storage because of its inherent ability to store heat. Brick should be of a dark color wherever it is to perform as thermal storage media. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) defines dark colors as dark blue, red, brown, and green. These colors have absorptivities for solar radiation of 0.65 and above.


System Operation

Passive solar heating systems may be shaded from the summer sun by fixed, adjustable, or removable shading devices. Adjustable or removable overhangs or shading devices require operation, but permit the optimum use of the winter sun and can completely eliminate any solar exposure on the south-facing glass in the summer.

The performance of passive solar systems may be greatly enhanced by the use of night insulation. The insulation may be applied on the interior in the form of drapes or panels, or on the exterior as reflector panels. Reflector-insulating panels may be hinged at the base of the south-facing glazing so that, when opened during the day, they reflect radiation through the glazing and when closed, provide night insulation. Night insulation may be operated manually or automatically.


Building Design and Appearance

There is no reason for passive solar heating systems to have extremely unconventional designs or appearances. The only required variations are: the south-facing wall be glazed; few windows on the east and west walls, and preferably no windows on the north walls: sufficient overhang or some other shading device to prevent the south-facing glazing from being exposed to the summer sun; and interior exposed brick masonry.


Spatial Requirements

The spatial requirements may dictate the type of system used. The depth of penetration of solar radiation into the structure may affect the system type selected. Buildings should be arranged with a longitudinal east-west orientation to maximize the solar exposure of the south-facing glazing and to minimize the distance from the south wall to the north wall. Building energy performance is increased if the north wall is heated by solar radiation entering through the south-facing glazing.


DIRECT GAIN SYSTEMS

The direct gain system is very simple and often used. The system consists of south-facing glazing which allows winter sunlight to enter the habitable spaces of the building. This thermal energy is stored in brick floors and walls. A schematic of a direct gain system is shown in Fig. 4. The south glazing may be windows (operable or not), or glass doors. The brick masonry exposed to the solar radiation should be a dark color and 4 to 8 in. thick. All walls or other components not exposed to solar radiation should have light-colored surfaces.


Masonry Magazine December 2012 Page. 45
December 2012

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Masonry Magazine December 2012 Page. 46
December 2012

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Masonry Magazine December 2012 Page. 47
December 2012

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December 2012

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